Drug History

Hearing the words that come to mind Drug sure we are around marijuana, heroin, opium, exctasy, mix and 'ganknya', cursed items destroyer future even touted as a most efficacious generation destroyer. Then what drug itself? have we ever tried to know him up close, from the scientific side or from side psikoligis not just a physical approach.
Citing a term in the encyclopedia, actually Narcotic word etymologically derives from the Greek which means kelenger, refers to something that can make a person unconscious (fly), whereas in English Narcotic more leads into context with the meaning of opium (opium).

In our language is the abbreviation of narcotic drugs and dangerous materials. But is it so dangerous drug? From the medical side, drug abuse is not something life-threatening, drug-only one of several alternative 'medicine' to treat pain. Since the beginning of human civilization, drugs or had more fame as the 'opium' is used as a therapeutic treatment.

Over time the presence of drugs not only as a healer but it is devastating. Initially drug is still used occasionally in small doses and of course the impact was not too meaningful. But changing times and the mobility of life make drugs a part of lifestyle, of which previously only medical devices, drugs are now starting to fame echoed as the god of the world, pain relief and make life so much 'lighter'.

As we know everything that used to excess can not be good for us.Use of drugs outside the medical point especially with the increasing dose and habits of addicts who use different types of drugs (polydrug use) or drug type mix of the opposite sex to get different effects (mixing drugs) is increasingly making the complex effects arising from drug use.

Drug History

Origin of Opium

Opium first known by the Sumerians, they call it 'Hul Gill "which means" plants that exciting' because the effects of a given plant can relieve pain and facilitate users fast asleep.

But the philosopher and medical expert Hippocrates, Pliny, and Dioscorides Theophratus use opium as part of treatment, especially surgery. At the time of Hippocrates have not found the active ingredient of opium, but he knew that its usefulness opiate analgesics (pain relievers) and narcotics.

First still consumed raw opium, morphine new in 1805 began to be known for the first time replacing raw opium (opium). Excessive Use of opiate addiction and will cause shortness. Nearly 100 years 'excess' of opium is not trafficked to Europe because Europeans used to consider any goods brought from the East is the devil. Raw opium is used only for treatment until the end of Queen Elizabeth I realize the advantages of opium and took him to England.

Opium began to be introduced in Persia in India and Persia by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. At that time the Indians and Persians use of opium in the banquet with the purpose of relaxation.

In 1680 a pharmacist Thomas Sydenham introduces Sydenham's Laudanum is a mixture hrba and wine. Dutch first popularized the use of pipe tobacco to smoke opium smoking in the same year.Use a new syringe was introduced by Dr. Alexander Wood of Edinburgh, the ease with which the compactor to use opium, even three times faster than the normal way.

Only in the late 19th century, chemists began to alter the molecular structure of morphine and turned it into drugs that are less addictive. Exactly 1874 C.R. researchers Wright found the synthesis of heroin (putaw) by heating morphine.

Circulation of opium during the 19th century is growing rapidly in America, in addition to the use of opium seemed haphazard in the medical field, opium easily found in America in the form of tonic, drug-patent barriers opum even angled in the nests addict can no longer be avoided. An epidemic of symptoms at the end of the 1800s. Ironically the morphine addict is often found among the wounded soldiers during World War

Because power 'nagih' opium, finally in 1878 the United Kingdom passed a law to curb the use and import of opium-free, especially from China. The same thing also apply in the United States by issuing the Act Food and Drugs (Pure Food and Drug Act) in 1906 which asked the pharmacy to give a clear label for each content of opium in the drug they produce.

But these regulations do not much help even more uncontrolled circulation of opium and sold freely. This further triggers the number of addicts, especially among soldiers and a woman giving birth. Seeing this St. James Society offers free samples to the addicts with the aim of eliminating cravings and reduce the increase in heroin collector unstoppable.

What does St. James Society is not much help until finally on December 17, 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act set rules for any user and the seller must pay taxes, regulate the sale of narcotics regulations, prohibits giving narcotics to addicts who have no desire to recover, hold and close the rehab paramedics.

In 1923, the U.S. Drug Agency (FDA) banned the sale of any narcotic substances, especially heroin, but the addict can buy black market. Black market first opened in Chinatown, New York.

Year 1970 U.S. President Richard Nixon launched the war against heroin. One step Nixon was promised to help Turkey's welfare which has been the main supplier of heroin to the United States beginning in 1950-1970 by giving providing military aid and increase economy.

Turkish people also aid worth 35 million per year in return for destroying poppy fields and replace them with other plants mainly in the Anatolian region, because of Anatolia is a leading producer of opium in Turkey. Turkey takes a year to destroy poppy fields with herbicide and burned it sent American.

Opium War

Early 19th century opium was brought to mainland China (China) by the British traders as a counterweight export tea to Britain.Opium in China is used as a drug other than trading. At the time of Emperor Yung Cheng typical opium smoked using a pipe made of clay and be drunk with wine. Smoke opium is believed to provide a dream while sleeping.

When the Imperial government of the Ming and Ching, the Chinese closed the road commerce with the Western world because they consider they are able to meet the needs of the people and do not want to rely on the West.

It is very difficult for England, because Chinese goods such as silk, pottery, spices and tea which has a market monopolized by the British area in Europe.

Through trade negotiations ultimately allow the Chinese imperial British trade in China precisely in Guangzhou (Canton). But the British abuse of this agreement by entering the opium to Guangzhou after they know quite widespread use of opium among the population. They want to run a new trade that is selling opium or opium.

Step Britain responded to enter this opium addicts among Guangzhou, especially the UK have access to easy to get opium from India, which is geographically close to mainland China, greatly facilitates the circulation of opium in Guangzhou society.

Know the increasing number of addicts Guangzhou, in the reign of Emperor Tao Kwang in 1839, one firm steps taken to overcome masaah Kwang addiction in society. Kwang ordered Commissioner Lin Tse-Hsu, to destroy and burn the illegal opium in Guangzhou. This combustion has angered Britain and became the beginning of the Opium War I. The war that lasted for three years (1839-1842) This leaves a massive kelalahan for the Chinese nation, as many as 30 thousand Chinese people become victims of war that forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and the British Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue (1843 .)

In the agreement China is obliged to pay tribute to the UK 21 million in compensation. China also needs to reopen its doors to the western world trade, by opening ports in Guangzhou, Jinmen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai. Britain also called on the territory of Hong Kong into their colonies. Nanjing Treaty into door opener door opener circulation opium trade and the West to the East.

Second Opium War between Britain, France, and China in 1856 that triggered the search vessels owned by the UK 'The Arrow' by the Chinese illegally in Guangzhou. This angered the British who waged war again and again won the battle. Guangzhou Anglo-French troops occupied until 1861.

China again suffered defeat and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1858), where France, Russia and the United iku take part.In this agreement, China agreed to open eleven ports, opening of foreign embassies, giving sanction to the Christian missionary activist and legalize opium imports. [P]

War again broke out in 1859 when China deter the entry of foreign diplomats to Beijing and the British desire to impose some new articles in the treaty of Nanjing. This time the British and French control of Beijing and burned the Summer Palace of the Emperor (Yuan ming yuan).

Beijing Convention decided in 1860 China was forced to comply with the re-syart-requisites listed in the Treaty of Nanjing to include some additional concessions and end the war.